Plant this!

sunflower growing in garden at sunset

Sunflowers

A few years ago, an errant sunflower popped up in what was a gravel area in our front yard. This gravel strip had been nothing but an eyesore since we purchased our home – an ill-advised effort by a former homeowner to create a place to park their boat. The gravel is in places nearly 2 feet deep – and it was the ugly, cheap gravel intended for road paving projects. There was nothing attractive about it at all. And I do mean nothing. 

We used that gravel strip as a lumber yard. With so many building projects happening in our backyard – the Shade House, the Green House, and countless raised beds – it was handy to have a well-draining spot to store materials even if it did mean that our home looked a mess at times. 

I weeded the gravel a few times each summer – a thankless job as it was constantly filled with Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.), a thorny, problematic, and invasive weed. 

But one summer, I missed a sunflower that had popped up amongst the thistles. We went on vacation and came back to a lone, towering sunflower. It was Helianthus annuus – a native sunflower for this part of the world, probably a stray seed from a bird or a squirrel. That sunflower plant flowered for months, and the bees loved on it. So I let it stay. It went to seed. Then the birds arrived. And I didn't take it down until the following spring when hundreds of sunflowers sprouted in our gravel patch. 

patch of sunflowers in home garden

The world was a hard place that summer. And I decided that weeding out all of those sunflowers was simply too much. So I left them. Steadily they grew taller and taller, and then they started to bloom in late July or early August. 

Swarms of insects arrived to feast. Bees, bumble and native and honey, flies and wasps. I sat in my car in the driveway every morning watching the chaotic aerial ballet as they bumbled and flitted and buzzed between blooms, the entire air humming. 

And then the birds arrived by the flock. And the air was filled with birdsong as they feasted on the seeds and insects, too. 

One day, my husband looked outside, and a hawk was perched on our car watching the sunflower patch – surely hunting one of the mice or rabbits or other small creatures who scurried along the ground, gathering dropped seeds courtesy of the birds above. Occasionally, a stalk would be knocked over – probably the nocturnal work of a racoon or the early-morning wrestling of a squirrel. But for the most part, the sunflowers thrived, a thick patch of sunshine.

We spent hours and hours watching the activity in the sunflower garden. It was magical, honestly. And it was a remarkable illustration of what wildlife gardening can be – providing native plants for wildlife and creating a habitat rather than a well-groomed garden. 

Even our neighbors didn't seem to mind the overgrown nature of the sunflowers. They often stopped to chat when out walking and over the months I heard, "I love your sunflowers!" over and over again. 

I have since reclaimed the sunflower garden. It is the site of the much more restrained Potager Garden. But that does not mean I don't have sunflowers. I have grown a wide range of different types – scattered throughout my garden including a large, self-seeded stand of them as part of the Wildlife Garden. And they are one of the cheeriest parts of summer. 

sunflowers growing in the wildlife garden

Why Sunflowers are a Garden Must-have

Helianthus – the genus for North American sunflowers – includes more than 60 species and many more cultivars. No matter where you are in North America, there is a native species for your climate. In fact, it is a keystone plant group in North America – a plant essential to the survival of a range of wildlife from insects to birds to mammals and more.

Sunflowers in the Garden

  • Sunflowers provide food and habitat. Native bees, beetles, butterflies, birds, bats, and mammals all benefit from sunflower patches.

  • Not all sunflowers need full sun! There are shady species, too, like Helianthus divaricatus (woodland sunflower).

  • You can eat more than just the seeds! Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke) has edible tubers which can be grown and eaten like potatoes and are an important historical food source for many indigenous peoples of North America.

  • Not all sunflowers have big flowers!  Helianthus salicifolius ‘First Light’ (willowleaf sunflower) is a smaller plant with smaller flowers, too. 

  • Many species thrive in poor soils, and many are drought-tolerant, too. 

  • Not all sunflowers are tall! In fact, many species are only 3-4 feet tall. 

  • Sunflowers can remove heavy metals and toxins from the soil. Described as phytoremediators, sunflowers remove lead and other toxins from the root zone of the soil. For example, lead levels in soil can accumulate from a variety of pollution sources including deteriorating lead paint and car exhaust as well as explosives and mining. Sunflowers have proven to be very effective in removing lead as well as other chemicals, even radioactive ones, from the soil. 

  • Not all sunflowers are yellow! Varieties have been bred to bloom in reds, browns, and oranges. And there are some native species that have reddish rays on the petals. 

  • Sunflowers provide shade. In the heat of the summer, they can be used to shade other plants providing some relief in the most intense parts of the summer. I interplant them with other plants for this very reason!

bumble bee sleeping on sunflower

Sunflower Gardening Tips

I leave my sunflowers up all winter – or until the stems break. Then I cut them back to between 10-24 inches tall depending on where they are in the garden. Sunflower stems dry and are hollow which makes them fabulous places for nesting bees and other insects to lay their eggs. So leaving those stems in place helps provide habitat, too. 

To find native species for your area, visit wildflower.org

  • In the Plant Database, enter Helianthus. 

  • Filter for your state or your soil/sun conditions. 

Generally, sunflowers grow better from seed. They have long tap roots which can make them fussy to transplant. Though there are some perennial species that grow well from bare root cuttings. Many species are annuals, too. But once you have planted sunflowers, many species freely reseed. 

angela and a mammoth sunflower

Easy-to-Grow Sunflowers

I vividly remember seeing my first field filled with sunflowers in bloom. We had just moved to Sacramento, California, and we were driving somewhere through the Central Valley. I nearly drove off the road – I had never seen so many sunflowers in one place before – a whole field glowing in the late light of that August evening. And every flower head was turned toward me following the setting sun. 

Those, of course, were commercially-grown sunflowers to be harvested for their seeds and probably the oil therein. But the humble sunflower is much more than a commercial product. 

Sunflowers are easy to cross, and there are many varieties that have been bred for size, seed production, and florist value. Studies are somewhat preliminary, but they tend to show that when a flower color, for example, is changed the resulting flower is not as beneficial for wildlife as the straight species. The science is complex and evolving, but I plant both straight species and varieties that make good cut flowers – most for the wildlife and a few for me.

Having sunflowers in our gardens is an important piece of welcoming wildlife. And fortunately for us, sunflowers are also cheap and easy to grow!


Where to buy Sunflowers:

Sunflower seeds are widely available. Be sure to read my Resistance Gardening tip about where to buy seeds ethically

So, tell us: what sunflowers are you growing in your garden this year?

Happy Gardening!
Angela

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